| Aluminium is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust |
Metals |
| Copper is used for pipes because it does not react much with water |
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| Alloys are made of at least 2 elements, only 1 has to be a metal |
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| Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity |
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| Bromine and mercury are the only liquid metals at room temperature |
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| One of the flexor muscles for the elbow is the biceps |
Body Systems |
| The trachea is kept open by rings made from cartilage |
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| A fertilised egg that starts to divide is called a morula |
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| The small intestine in an adult is up to 7 metres long |
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| There are 4 chambers in our hearts: 2 atria and 2 ventricles |
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| So far we have discovered 118 elements |
Elements |
| The horizontal rows in the Periodic table are called the periods |
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| About three-quarters of all elements are metals |
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| An element is a substance that is made up of only one kind of atom |
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| Francium, Polonium and Germanium are named after countries |
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| A compound contains 2 or more elements chemically joined together |
Compounds |
| Silicon dioxide is the most abundant. It makes up 59% of Earth's crust |
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| There are 4 types of compound: molecular, salt, complex and intermetallic |
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| Salts are compounds whose atoms are held together with ionic bonds |
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| Mixtures are not compounds. They are made from substances, not elements |
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| Hibernation is an adaptation to the cold and lack of food in winter |
Adaptation |
| Camels have many adaptations to desert life besides their humps |
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| Deciduous trees lose their leaves in winter in order to save water |
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| The dark circles round meerkats' eyes act like sunglasses in bright light |
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| Some fish in Antarctic waters have "antifreeze" proteins in their blood |
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| Coal stores chemical energy from the remains of plants and trees |
Energy |
| The source of most of the energy resources on Earth is the sun |
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| When a candle burns chemical energy is converted to heat and light |
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| Energy is measured in joules, named after physicist J.P. Joule |
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| Energy can be changed from one form into another. It cannot be created |
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| DNA is an abbreviation for “deoxyribonucleic acid” |
Classification |
| The 5 kingdoms of organism are: animal, plant, fungi, protista and monera |
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| Every animal that has a skeleton inside its body is a vertebrate |
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| Humans are Homo sapiens, which means “wise man” in Latin |
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| There are 9 different phyla of invertebrates including sponges and worms |
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| Forces are measured in newtons, named after physicist Sir Isaac Newton |
Forces |
| Forces can change the shape, speed or direction of movement of objects |
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| Stationary objects experience balanced forces of equal strength |
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| There are 4 fundamental forces that govern everything in the universe |
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| The weight of something is the amount of force gravity has on it |
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| Our stomachs produce strong hydrochloric acid |
Acids & Alkalis |
| The pH scale is a measure of acidity or alkalinity from 0 to 14 |
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| As they separate into ions in water, both acids and alkalis conduct electricity |
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| Strong acids and bases are both corrosive |
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| Vinegar is a common acid. Soapy water is a common alkali |
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| The electromagnetic force acts on anything that has an electric charge |
Electromagnetism |
| The link between electricity and magnets was discovered in 1820 |
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| A transformer uses electromagnetism to transfer power between two circuits |
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| The most common magnetic material is steel, an alloy of iron and carbon |
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| The Earth acts like a huge magnet and its magnetic field extends into space |
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