| Tokyo is the largest city in the world with a population over 37 million | Cities |
| La Rinoconada in Peru is the highest city, with an elevation of 5100 m | |
| Jericho is the lowest city in the world. It's 258 m below sea level | |
| Reykjavik in Iceland is the world's northernmost capital city | |
| Puerto Williams in Chile is the southernmost permanently inhabited place | |
| The largest desert is in Antarctica with an area of 5.5 million square miles | Deserts |
| Deserts cover one-third of earth's land surface | |
| 120,000 square km of land turn to desert every year due to climate change | |
| In 6 hours deserts get more energy from the sun than humans use in a year | |
| Death Valley is the hottest desert. Temperatures can reach 56.7⁰C | |
| Trees in forests communicate with each other through a fungal network | Forests |
| Not all rainforests are tropical. There are some rainforests in the UK | |
| The largest UK forest is Galloway Forest, with an area of 770 square km | |
| Almost half of all bluebells in the world are found in the UK's forests | |
| Forests are home to 80% of the world's terrestrial biodiversity. | |
| Stalactites are created by the continuous dripping of mineral rich water | Caves |
| Stalagmites are created as the water droplets fall to the cave floor | |
| The longest cave system is Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA, at 651.8 km | |
| The deepest known cave is Krubera Cave in Georgia, at 2,197 m | |
| Altamira caves in Spain contain 20,000-year-old prehistoric paintings | |
| Magma is liquid rock inside a volcano. Lava is liquid rock outside | Volcanoes |
| The largest volcano on earth is Mauna Loa on Hawai'i. It's 17,000 m tall | |
| There are approximately 1,900 volcanoes on Earth. Most in the "Ring of Fire" | |
| When Krakatau erupted it released the energy of 15,000 nuclear bombs | |
| Lava from a volcano can reach 1,250°C | |
| Thirty of the world’s highest mountains are in the Himalayas | Mountains |
| The longest mountain range in the world is the Andes in South America | |
| Any land mass 1,000 feet above the surrounding area is a mountain | |
| There’s a mountain in Australia called Mount Disappointment | |
| There are thought to be 100,000 uncharted mountains under the sea | |
| 71 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by ocean | Oceans |
| The Pacific is the largest ocean, making up over a third of the planet's surface | |
| The Mid-Atlantic Ridge beneath the Atlantic is Earth's longest mountain range | |
| The deepest part of the oceans is the Mariana Trench at almost 11 km deep | |
| The Arctic Ocean around the North Pole is the smallest and shallowest ocean | |
| The Nile is the longest river. It is over 6,650 km long | Fresh water |
| Second longest is the Amazon at 6,575 km. It is the largest river by volume | |
| The Caspian Sea is actually a lake. It's the world's largest inland body of water | |
| The Great Lakes in North America hold 21% of the worlds surface fresh water | |
| The Congo is the deepest river. In places it is 230 m deep | |
| Earthquakes are vibrations of Earth's crust caused by movement of its plates | Earthquakes |
| The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale from 0-10 | |
| There are millions of minor earthquakes every year | |
| The world’s deadliest earthquake killed 830,000 people in China in 1556 | |
| In 2010 an earthquake in Chile moved the city of Concepción 3 m to the west | |
| Russia is the largest country, with an area of 6.6 million square miles | Countries |
| Istanbul is the only city in the world that is spread across two continents | |
| Mongolia has the lowest population density with 4 people per square mile | |
| South Sudan is the world's youngest country. It was founded in 2011 | |
| Monaco is the most densely populated country with 26,000 people per km² | |
