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When tectonic plates collide head on they create mountain ranges.
Chemistry - Earth's Crust (AQA)
In GCSE Science students will look at the chemical changes which have taken, and do take place on the Earth and in its atmosphere. This is the first of three quizzes on that topic and it looks specifically at the Earth's core and mantle, and at the plates which form the Earth's crust.
The Earth has a layered structure, from the core at its centre, then the mantle above the core, and finally the outer layer, the crust which is divided into several tectonic plates. The crust provides a lot of the raw materials that are used to make things we use and take for granted every day, such as metals, stones and oil. The surface of the Earth is slowly changing but these geological changes are slow, taking tens of thousands of years to become noticeable.
1 .
Which of the layers of the Earth is the hottest?
Core
Mantle
Crust
Atmosphere
Since the core is at the very centre of the Earth, it is well insulated and heat can only escape very slowly
2 .
What is thought to cause the plates to move around?
The spinning of the Earth
The Earth orbiting the Sun
Convection currents in the mantle
The Earth is shrinking
The mantle has the properties of a solid, but can flow very slowly
3 .
When seen in cross section, the core accounts for about how much of the Earth?
20%
33%
Just under a half
Just over a half
The core accounts for about 3,500km of the 6,300km from surface to centre
4 .
Alfred Wegener suggested that the continents moved around on the surface of the Earth. Which of the following is not one of the observations he used?
The same types of fossilised plants and animals are found in South America and Africa
Madagascar fits the east coast of Africa
Africa and South America fit together like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle
Matching rock formations and mountain chains are found in South America and Africa
The fossil plants Wegener used as evidence for his theory were found in Antarctica, India and Australia so he thought that the continents had once been joined in a supercontinent that came to be known as Pangaea
5 .
Wegener put forward his theory early in the twentieth century but scientists at the time refused to accept his idea until the 1960s. Why?
He was not a geologist
His ideas contradicted what the experts of the time believed
He could not explain how it occured
All of the above
One respected geologist said:
"If we are to believe in Wegener's hypothesis we must forget everything which has been learned in the past 70 years and start all over again."
It turned out that he was absolutely right but by the time the theory was accepted it was more like forgetting everything that had been learnt in the last 120 years than the last 70!
"If we are to believe in Wegener's hypothesis we must forget everything which has been learned in the past 70 years and start all over again."
It turned out that he was absolutely right but by the time the theory was accepted it was more like forgetting everything that had been learnt in the last 120 years than the last 70!
6 .
Wegener used the similarities between fossil animals and plants as evidence for his theory. How did his critics explain it?
They were accidentally transported round the world on ships
The animals swam and plant seeds were blown on the wind
There were once land bridges linking the continents
It was a mistake and the fossil animals and plants were not actually the same
Scientists can almost always find alternative explanations for anything. Sometimes these explanations are better than existing ideas, sometimes worse. The idea of convenient land bridges that have disappeared without trace seems to us even more difficult to believe than the idea that the continents move
7 .
What was the main piece of evidence that convinced scientists that continental drift was right?
They discovered that the land bridges didn't exist
They measured the distance between America and Britain and found it was further than the last time they measured
They used sensitive equipment buried in the ground to observe the movement of the plates
Evidence from magnetism in the ocean floor showed that the seafloors were spreading by a few centimetres each year
The fastest plate is the Indian plate which 'rushed' northwards from near the south pole to where it is today at the massive speed of six centimetres per year
8 .
Read the following passage. Choose the answer that has the missing words in the correct order.
Where the _______ meet, the Earth's crust becomes unstable as the plates push against each other, or ride under or over each other. __________ and volcanic eruptions happen at the _________ between plates, and the crust may ‘crumple’ to form __________ ranges.
Where the _______ meet, the Earth's crust becomes unstable as the plates push against each other, or ride under or over each other. __________ and volcanic eruptions happen at the _________ between plates, and the crust may ‘crumple’ to form __________ ranges.
segments, volcanoes, centre, mountain
boundaries , mountain, plates, earthquakes
plates, earthquakes, boundaries , mountain
mountains, volcanoes, plates, segments
The heat that powers plate tectonics is thought to come from natural radioactivity deep in the Earth
9 .
Why is it so difficult to predict when, where and how strong an Earthquake will be?
Because the Earth rotates
Because convection currents in the mantle happen at random times
Because seismometers aren't sensitive enough
Because the plates don't move smoothly
There is a lot of friction between the rocks of moving plates so they actually move in a series of 'jerks'
10 .
Why do major earthquakes and volcanoes occur in very narrow and well defined areas?
They only occur at plate boundaries
They only occur near the centre of plates
They only occur where you find certain types of rock
They only occur where mountains meet the sea
Earthquakes are recorded all over the world but the big destructive ones only occur where the tectonic plates meet. Where one plate is being pushed underneath another, you get volcanoes too
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