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Lobsters are raised in tanks and released into the wild, boosting the population numbers.
Overfishing
In GCSE Geography students will look at overfishing . This is caused by exploiting a resource too far and is responsible for endangering many species of fish whose stocks are now perilously low.
Overfishing occurs when more fish of a particular species are caught than can be replaced through natural reproduction. More than 85% of the world’s species of fish have been pushed beyond their biological limits. Many have been pushed to the point of extinction, or near extinction, by fishing. 70% of the world's fish species are no longer any use to fisheries as their stocks are so low that there are too few of them to be a viable catch.
Catching as many fish as possible may seem like a good way to maximise profits, but the results affect not only species in the oceans, but also have an economic and cultural impact on the communities that depend on fish for their survival.
1 .
What does the term 'bycatch' refer to?
The catch that is kept and sold. This is the species that is listed in the quotas
The species that the nets and other technology are attempting not to catch
The incidental capture of non-target species such as dolphins, marine turtles and seabirds
Extra species that are caught and can provide a valid income for fishermen
Technologies designed for nets and lines can massively reduce the problem of bycatch, but many commercial fisheries refuse to implement these tools and methods
2 .
What has caused the growth in demand for fish?
A reduction in the amount of cattle for beef production globally, due to its effect on deforestation
A switch towards healthier eating in Europe and fish being one of the only sources of protein for some LEDCs
Fish is a cheaper source of protein than any other, including vegetarian proteins
Population growth in nations like China and Japan whose uncontrolled fishing methods are removing too many fish
Since governments have been recommending fish as a regular part of European diets, there has been an increase in fish consumption
3 .
Two species of fish which are commonly sold in UK supermarkets are cod and pangasius, often labelled as basa. Basa is a fresh water farmed fish, whilst cod is caught in the wild in the North Atlantic. Why is basa a more sustainable alternative to cod?
Basa is far more healthy, being a freshwater fish
Cod is a critically endangered species, whilst basa is a common species in the wild and is farmed for human consumption
The use of farmed fish leads to a greater number of jobs, with these jobs being in areas of economic depression
Cod takes a lot more energy, in the form of diesel, to catch than basa does
If cod is not rested from being fished it could still be wiped out, even though cod populations are starting to recover after management technques were put in a number of years ago
4 .
Why are some species being raised in hatcheries and released into the wild when they are one or two years old?
It's cheaper to raise them artificially than allow them to grow up in the wild
The first few months or years of life are when many species are most vulnerable to predation
The fish are tagged and can be tracked and caught when large enough
By raising and releasing the fish, it allows a country to establish ownership on them for later catching
Animals such as turtles, lobsters and some fish are raised in tanks and released. This allows them to escape predators that may attack them whilst they are younger and will boost the wild population numbers
5 .
What are marine protected areas (MPAs)?
Areas where destructive fishing practises are banned, including no take zones
Areas were no ships are allowed to enter
Lakes and inland waterways that can be more closely controlled
Areas where intensive fishing is permitted to discourage fleets from using other areas
1.6% of the world's oceans are MPAs, and 90% of those are open to some forms of fishing. The UN has called for an extension to these protected areas and countries like the UK are responding by defining these areas
6 .
Long drift nets hang vertically in the water column and entangle anything that comes into contact with them. The UN has banned nets longer than 2.5 km. Which of the following is not a reason for banning long drift nets?
They can be used by smaller vessels without the need for advanced technology
They are often lost or discarded and become ghost nets
They have a large bycatch as they entangle everything
The mesh size is small, meaning all sizes of fish are caught and have died by the time the net is recovered
Long drift nets continue to be used illegally around the world. Often they are set and left for days. Before the UN regulations were brought in, commercial drift nets were up to 50 km long!
7 .
How do fishing quotas increase the sustainability of the fishing and decrease the risk of overfishing?
By limiting numbers, size and sex of particular species that can be caught
By stopping the catching of rare species
By limiting the numbers, size and sex of particular species that can be kept
By putting time limits on the catching of particular species
Quotas are given out on a national level, with the exact methods of dealing with that quota being handled by the local fisheries. In the UK the fisheries' patrol vessels operate within the structure of the Royal Navy, allowing a larger response to foreign vessels if required
8 .
Lundy, in Devon, is a no take zone. Why does this sustainable management technique have the support of local fishermen?
Within the no take zone many commercial species are now breeding and the species as a whole is coming back
It limits the areas they all can fish, reducing the competition from other fishermen
They feel that it's only a token gesture, but this token gesture will stop the government taking more action to limit their industry
They are illegally fishing in the area anyway
Fishermen have seen their own profits fall as fish have become more difficult to catch. Many support sustainable management practices and often donate to projects that are supporting the recovery of various fish stocks
9 .
Which of the following is a reason against the use of fish farming to replace fishing?
Fish farming reduces pressure on wild stocks
Fish farming provides jobs and industry worldwide
Fish excrement is released in large amounts into the local area
There is no bycatch from fish farming
Food colouring is added to the fish food to make the meat a more appealing colour. This is in part excreted and pollutes other organisms, including those in mussel farms in some parts of Scotland
10 .
The Global Ghost Gear Initiative seeks to remove what type of litter from the ocean?
Plastic bags
Ships and other vessels that have sunk
Oil and oil products that have leaked from ships
Discarded and lost fishing gear
Long drift nets, purse seine nets, long lines and other types of fishing gear will often drift if abandoned - and continue to catch animals as it goes. Since the 1950s there has been a move towards non-biodegradable fishing gear, meaning it will be centuries before it stops catching sea creatures
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